Burden of Empire by Duignan Peter

Author:Duignan, Peter
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Hoover Institution Press

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1 For a more detailed assessment of the educational and class background of the British colonial service see Robert Heussler, Yesterday's Rulers: The Making of the British Colonial Service (Syracuse, N.Y., 1963). For the French service, which included many sons of fonctionnaires, see Marcel Blanchard, “Administrateurs d'Afrique noire,” Revue d'Histoire des Colonies, XL (1953), 377–430.

2 George H. T. Kimble, Tropical Africa: Vol. II, Society and Polity (New York, 1960), 306.

3 For a detailed table see Lord Hailey, An African Survey: A Study of Problems Arising in Africa South of the Sahara (London, 1938), p. 226.

4 During World War I, 181,000 Senegalese, 175,000 Algerians, 50,000 Tunisians, 41,000 Malgaches, 34,000 Moroccans, and 2,000 Somali served in the French army. In 1928 the French army as a whole consisted of 415,000 soldiers and officers, national guards, and gendarmes from France, 16,500 Foreign Legionnaires, 103,500 North African troops, and 100,000 colonial native, regular and irregular, and auxiliary troops. French West Africa furnished about 10,000 conscripts, who had to serve for three years but comprised only a limited proportion of the men theoretically liable to serve. Belgium at this period maintained 16,810 troops in the Force Publique, an African force largely conscripted and underpaid; it combined police with military duties in a manner not satisfactory from either point of view. The system was much inferior to the British system, which divided police and military duties as soon as possible and thereby achieved the advantages of division of labor. The British colonies in Africa were defended by some 12,000 African soldiers, commanded by European officers. This figure excludes small territorial and reserve units. Data in this and the following two notes are abstracted from Raymond L. Buell, The Native Problem in Africa (2 vols.; New York, 1928).

5 In the Belgian Congo in the 1920s there were about 15 soldiers to every 10,000 inhabitants, compared with 10 soldiers and policemen in Tanganyika and 12 in Uganda per 10,000 people. The average European conscript state maintained some 150 policemen and defense personnel per 10,000 people.

6 In 1927 Kenya had a proportion of 1 policeman to every 1,148 people. The proportion in the London metropolitan police area stood at 1 to 367.

7 An example of this kind of school was the Ecole Normale William Ponty near Dakar.

8 Sir Andrew Cohen, British Policy in Changing Africa (London, 1959), p. 26.

9 For more detailed accounts of French policy see Hubert Jules Deschamps, Les méthodes et les doctrines coloniales de la France du XVIe siècle à nos jours (Paris, 1953), and Robert Louis Delavignette, Freedom and Authority in French West Africa (London, 1950).

10 For two contrasting points of view concerning British and French practices, respectively, see Michael Crowder, “Indirect Rule—French and British Style,” Africa, XXXIV, No. 3 (July, 1964), 197–205, and Hubert Jules Deschamps, “Et maintenant, Lord Lugard?” Africa, XXXIII, No. 4 (October, 1963), 293–306.

11 For a Belgian version of trusteeship principle and a Belgian governor's interpretation of the “black soul,” see Pierre Ryckmans, Dominer pour servir (rev. and enl. ed.

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